Choosing the right wood finish is a process of balancing trade-offs. No single finish is best for every project. Your choice depends on three factors: protection, appearance, and application.
Answer these questions about your project.
Where will the project be used? A finish must protect the wood from its environment. A tabletop needs high durability. It must resist scratches, liquids, and heat. A picture frame needs minimal protection. Outdoor projects need protection from water and ultraviolet light.
What look do you want? Finishes change how wood looks and feels. Penetrating oil finishes soak into the wood. They give a natural, in-the-wood appearance. Film finishes like polyurethane create a protective layer on the wood. This layer can be matte, satin, or gloss. Decide if you want to see the wood grain clearly. Decide if you want to add color with a stain or dye.
How will you apply the finish? Some finishes are easy to apply. You can wipe them on with a rag. Others require brushes or spray equipment. Consider your skill level. Consider the tools you have. Fumes are also a factor. Oil-based finishes require good ventilation. Water-based finishes have low odor and are safer to use indoors.
Common Finishes and Their Trade-offs
Penetrating Oil Finishes (Tung, Linseed)
- Look: Natural and deep. Easy to see wood grain.
- Protection: Low. Does not resist scratches or water well.
- Application: Easy. Wipe on and wipe off. Simple to repair.
- Use For: Decorative boxes, picture frames, low-use furniture.
Shellac
- Look: Warm, classic sheen.
- Protection: Poor. Damaged by alcohol and water.
- Application: Dries fast. Can be applied with a pad or brush.
- Use For: Fine furniture, sealing knots before painting.
Lacquer
- Look: Clear or colored. Dries to a hard finish.
- Protection: Good, but can chip. Can be damaged by chemicals.
- Application: Dries extremely fast. Best applied with a sprayer.
- Use For: Cabinets, modern furniture.
Varnish and Polyurethane
- Look: Creates a durable film. Available in all sheens. Oil-based options can yellow over time.
- Protection: Excellent. Resists scratches, water, and heat.
- Application: Applied with a brush. Requires multiple coats with sanding in between.
- Use For: Tabletops, floors, doors, outdoor furniture (use marine varnish).
Water-Based Finishes
- Look: Clear and non-yellowing.
- Protection: Good to excellent. Durability is improving.
- Application: Dries fast. Low odor. Cleans up with water.
- Use For: Indoor furniture, cabinets, projects where you want no color change.
Before you begin, test your chosen finish. Apply it to a scrap piece of wood from your project. This shows you the final look and feel.
